Electric control system



1936. T. J. SMULSKI I ,028,570

' ELECTRIC CONTROL SYSTEM Filed July 18, 1950 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 I N VEN TOR.

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Jan. 21, 1936. T J; SMUL5K| ELECTRIC CONTROL SYSTEM Filed July 18', 1930 v 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 N VEN TOR.

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Patented Jan. 21, 1936 UNITED STATES ELECTRIC CONTROL SYSTEM Theodore J. Smulski, Gary, Ind., assignor to The Anderson Company, Gary, Ind., a corporation of Indiana "Application July 18, 1930, Serial No. 468,975

10 Claims.

This invention relates to automatic electric control systems and particularly to systems for automatically controlling the functions, "operation etc. of remotely situated apparatus, ma-

chinery, or the like. i

My invention is applicable to numerous i'ses and to the control of various remotely situated types of apparatus in which it may be desired to cause an element of the apparatus having a range of movement to take up any of the possible positions within its range.

In this application, however, I have chosen to illustrate and describe the invention as applied to controlling the heating plant for heating the interior of a building to maintain the temperature thereof substantially constant.

Heretofore, the heating plants of buildings have been automatically controlled by systems responsive to changes of temperature at a selected station in the building, to maintain the temperature within upper and lower predetermined limits. Upon attaining the pr'edetermined maximum temperature, the furnace of the plant has been operated to reduce the rate of '25 combustion therein, causing a gradual lowering of room temperature and upon reaching the lower or minimum predetermined temperature, the furnace has correspondingly been operated to increase the rate of combustiontherein, thus 30 the temperature of the room heated by the furnace must necessarily vary a number of degrees to effect the regulation of the furnace.

It is one of. the objects of this invention to provide a control system responsive to the temperature of the room or rooms being heated which will operate the furnace in a manner to maintain a more nearly constant room temperature than has heretofore been attainable.

Another object is to provide such a control 40 system which will operate to vary the rate of combustion in the furnace in response to exceedingly minute changes of room temperature to maintain .the room temperature substantially constant. a

Another object is to provide a system of control for heating plant furnaces operable to vary the rate of combustion in the furnace by controlling the position of a draft regulating element of the furnace and in which the said draft regulating element is controlled to take up successively any or all of the possible positions within its complete range of movement.

Another object is to provide a control system 7 for heating plant furnaces of the class referred 55 to in which the. draft regulating element may be moved to vary the rate of combustion by minute increments or decrements over a part or all of its range of movement.

Another objectis to provide 'an automatic control system whereby a remotely situated mov- 5 able element of an apparatus may be caused totake up any of the possible positions within its range of movement in response to temperature changes at a proximate station.

Another object is to provide an automatic elec- 10 tric control system comprising a control {element ,adapted to'transmit therefrom over a. suitable circuit, electric energy at a rate responsive to and in accordance with changes of a variable factor such, for example, as temperature; and 15 p a power supplying element adapted to be actuated by the said energy transmitted thereto; and a remotely situated element of an' apparatus adapted to be moved by the power supplying element to take up any or all of the possible 20 positions within its range of movement in response to and in accordance with the rates of energy transmitted to the power supplying element; the movable element of the apparatus being adapted to effect variations of the variable factor. v

Others objects will be apparent to those skilled in the art to which my invention appertains.

My invention is fully disclosed in the following descriptiontaken in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:

Fig. l is a diagrammatic illustrationpf an embodiment of my invention;

Fig. 2 is a view of a part of the apparatus of Fig. 1, being taken approximately from the plane 5 '2 of Fig. 1 and illustrating an adjustment feature which I may employ;

Fig. 3 is a diagrammatic viewsimilar to Fig. 1 but showing a modification.

Referring to the drawings, I have shown at i in simplified form a furnace of a type commonly employed for heating interiors of buildings and comprising. a draft regulating door 2 pivoted to the furnace frame at 3 and a check draft door l pivoted at 5. Air for combustion purposes may enter through a doorway 6 and the products of combustion may pass out through a horizontal duct I and smoke pipe 8. The duct I has a-doorway 3 beyond'the pipe 8. A chain or cord I0 is connected at one end to the door'2, P sses over pulleys H and I2 and is connected at the other end to the door 4, and may be provided with a counter-balancing weight I0.

The-construction thus far described is well known. Opening of the door 2 increases the draft and the combustion. Opening the door 4 bypasses the draft and reduces the combustion. By connecting the doors 2 and 4 by the chain l8, upon opening the door 2, the door 4 is correspondingly closed and vice versa. Theparts just de-. scribed constitute no essential part of my invention and are merely illustrative of one method of controlling the combustion of the furnace and any movable element or elements other than the doors 2 and 4 which may function to change the rate of combustion of the furnace may be employed.

The furnace is indicated as of the steam or hot water type and by means of pipes 60-69 supplies .the Windlass I4 in alternate directions, the door- ,way 8 will be opened wider and the doorway 9 will be more nearly closed and vice versa.

Connected to the shaft I3 is a worm wheel I! meshed with a worm I8 on a shaft l9 which is an extension of the shaft of an electric motor 28. The motor 28, in the embodiment of my invention illustrated, is preferably a direct current shunt field motor, the field being energized through wires 2| and 22 connected to electric supply mains 24 and 25 which, in the embodiment of my invention illustrated, are connected to a source of di-- rect current supply by a main switch 28. The rotor circuit of the motor is energized from the mains 24 and through wires 21 and 28 connected to the contacts of a reversing switch indicated generally at 29 and operated by a solenoid type magnet having a winding 30. When the winding 30 is deenergized, the switch contacts take up the positions illustrated and current may flow from the main 24 through wires 3| and 32 and switch blade 33 to the motor by wire '28 and return therefrom by wire 21, through switch blade 34 and wire 35 to the main 25, starting and operating the motor in one direction of rotation. When the winding 38 is energized, the blades 33 and 34 will be lifted and current may flow from main 24 by wire3l, through the blade 33 to the wire 21, and through the motor 28, returning by wire 28 and blade 34, to wire 35 and main 25, stopping and reversing and'operating the motor in the other direction of rotation. Re-

versing the motor 20 will change the positions of the doors 2 and 4 as will now be understood.

ably imperceptible amount ofmovement. Thedoors 2 and 4 thus continuously and repeatedly move farther open and farther closed by exceedingly small amounts.

The means for continuously reversing the motor will now be described. A bevel pinion 38 on.

the motor shaft is meshed with a large,bevel gear 31 on a shaft 38 on which shaft is also mounted a worm 39 meshed in turn with a worm wheel 40 mounted on a shaft 4 i. The shaft 4| is rotatably supported in bearing elements 42-42 and has thereon a screw thread 43 with which is meshed a traveling nut 44. A stationary bar 45 is engaged by an arm 45 on the nut 44 to prevent the nut 44 from turning and to guide its travel. The

arm 48 is provided with a contact 4'! adapted to engage a contact 48 on one end of a bi-metallic thermo-responsive element 49, the other end of which issecured to a stationary support 80.

Current to energize the solenoid 30 may flow from the main 24 by wire 50 to and throughthe element 49, contacts 41 and 48, bar 45, wire 5| to and through solenoid 30 and thence by wire 35 to main 25. With the parts in the positions illustrated, and with the solenoid deenergized by the separated positions of the contacts 41 and 48, the motor 20 is energized in the direction to propel the nut 44 in the direction to close the contacts 41 and 48.

After rotation of the motor for a predetermined interval, the contacts 41 and 48 will be closed by movementof the contact 41 thereupon energizing the solenoid 38, reversing the connections on the switch 29 and stopping and reversing the motor 20. The motor then runs in the direction to separate the contacts 41 and 48, and after a predetermined interval of rotation, separates them, deenergizing the solenoid 38 and stopping the motor and reversing it, and the cycle thus described is continuously repeated.

The bi-metallic thermo responsive element 49 has associated therewith a heating coil or other heating element 52 to which heat is supplied in a manner to be described in accordance with the temperature of the room 82. The well known properties of bi-metalic thermo-responsive elements will cause the element 49 to bend, to the left or to the right as viewed in Fig. l, in accordance with the temperature thereof derived from the heating element 52. An increase in the temperature of the element 49 will cause it to become more bent or bend to the left and move the contact 48 toward the contact 41 and the nut 44 will travel farther to the left before the contact 41 disengages the contact 48 to effect the next reversal of the motor and the next breaking of the contacts 41 and 48. Thereafter the successive making and breaking of the contacts 41-48 by movements of the nut 44 will occur with the nut 44 in an average position or in a zone of movements farther to the left on the screw 43 than before. The rotations of the screw 43 necessary to move the nut 44 on its new zone of movements being effected by the motor 20, the windlass l4 and the doors '2 and 4 will correspondingly be moved to new positions or zones of movement; and

the'direction of winding of the Windlass I 4 may be arranged to cause the door 2 to be opened wider and the door 4 to be more nearly closed, as will be understood.

The means for supplying heat to the thermo sponsive element 85 is fixed at one end asjat,

and on its other end carries a contact 81', megabit irrggresponse to the bending movements of'ithe element 65. A stationary contact 68 on the end of'a screw 89 threaded in' a stationary support 18 may be engaged by the contact 81.1 .The screw 69 may be adjustably rotated to adjust the position of the contact 68 by means of a knob and a dial 12 on the screw. The dial to. I

12 may be graduated in degrees to indicate-' desired room temperatures and a stationary inter- 13 may indicate temperature adjustelement 65 is an electric heating coil or other electric heating means 14. Preferably the heating element 14 is connected in series with the heating element 52 of the bi-metallic element 49 and current is supplied thereto by a source of supply such as a battery 15. In operation, upon closure of a control switch 16, current may fiow from the battery 15 by wire 11 through the heating element 14 and by wire 18 through the bi-metallic element 65, as a conductor, to the contacts 61-68; support 16, wire 19, switch 16 and through the heating element 52 back to the battery 15. The current thus flowing heats the bi-metallic element 65 causing it to bend sufficiently to break the contacts 61-68 and interrupt the current flow. The element 65 then cools down and again closes the contacts 61-68. Thus the repeated closing and opening of the contacts 6168 sends a series of current impulses to the heating element 52. The construction of the heating element 52 and bi-metallic element 49 and asociated parts is, by well known means, such as to provide a predetermined amount of heat storage capacity or thermal inertia so that the element 49 is brought up to a substantially constant temperature by the current impulses and so that for a series of Furthermore, the element 65 will be thermally I responsive to temperature derived from the room 62 in which it is situated as well as from the heating element 14 thereon.

Upon a change of temperature in the room 62, however slight it may be, the temperature of the element 65 will be correspondingly changed thereby. If the room temperature falls, the temperature of the element 65 will accordingly fall and current in the heating element 14 must flow for a longer period before the element 65 will be heated to the temperature at which it will break the contacts 6168. As a result, the current impulses will be of longer duration and the amount of heat supplied to the heat element 52 will be greater and the element 49 and contact 48 will consequently take up new positions farther to the left, as described above.

The converse action will result if the temperature in the room 62 rises. Furthermore, as will now be clear, by adjusting the position of the contact 68 by the knob 11 and dial 12, the duration of the impulses sent out by the 'contacts 6168 may be adjustably varied, because, if the contact 68 be adjusted closer .to the contact 61, by turning the dial 12 to indicate a lower temperature, the element 65 must be heated to a higher temperature before it can break the contacts 61-68, which results in longer current impulses sent to the heating element 52.

From the foregoing description it will. now appear that minute changes of temperature in the room 62 will effect a change in theduration of the impulses of current caused by the continuous making and breaking of the contacts 61-'-68 and heating of the element 49, and a change in the position of th" contact 48. This in turn results in a change of position of the doors 2 and 4 of the furnace, as above described, and they may occupy Positions anywhere 'in the range from fully closed to fully open. It will also be clear that the doors 2 and 4 of the furnace will take up the positions necessary to maintain a substantially constant temperature in the room 62.

In the modification of my invention shown in Fig. 3, the motor 266 is not periodically reversed but runs continuously in one direction from cur rent in supply wires 261 and 262 connected to a suitable source of supply. The motor drives a worm 263 and worm wheel 264. A connecting rod 2-65 on the worm wheel 264 reciprocates the long arm 266 of a bell crank 261, rotatably mounted on a shaft 268 to oscillate thereon. Upon the shaft 268 is rigidly mounted a worm 269 meshed with the worm wheel 46 on a threaded shaft 43 with the threads of which ismeshed a traveling nut 44 carrying a contact 41.

On the shaft 268 is also rigidly mounted a gear 216 meshed with a gear 211 upon which is also a Windlass 14 having wound thereon a cord or chain 15 connected to a furnace door operating chain 16.

The gear 211 and windlass 14 are-both connected to a shaft 13.

The short arm 212 of the bell crank 261 is substantially vertically disposed and on its upper end has pivoted thereto a double pawl 213 having pawl prongs 214 and 215.

Rigidly mounted on the shaft 268 is a sprocket wheel 216, the teeth of which are adapted to be alternately engaged by the pawl prongs 215 and 214 in alternate rocked positions of the pawl 213 about its pivot connection 211 with the bell crank arm 212. A weight 218 on the pawl 213 rigidly is adapted to be shifted from one side to the other of the pivot 211 upon rocking movement of the pawl M3 to hold the prongs of the pawl securely against the teeth of the ratchet wheel 216 to cause them to ratchet therewith when the bell crank 261 is oscillated.

The weight 218 is preferably mounted on a stem 219 of the pawl 213 and the stem 219 projects therethrough and is adapted at its end to be engaged by the fingers 226 and 221 of a fork on the end of a bell crank arm 222 pivotally mounted at 223, the other arm 224 of the bell crank being connected at 225 to the plunger 226 of a solenoid 36. Energization of the solenoid 36, to lift the plunger 226, will rock the arm of the-bell crank and cause the finger 226 to engage the stem 219 and rock the pawl 213 to its other'position to cause and remove the prong 215 from the ratchet wheel 216 and engage the prong 214 therewith. De-energization of the solenoid 36 will corre-' spondingly, by means of the finger 221 rockthe pawl back to the position illustrated.

The contact 41 on the nut 44 as abovedescribed is adapted to engage a. contact 48 on a bimetallic thermostatic element 49 by the same mode of operation described above in connection with Fig. 1, the same reference characters being used for these parts as in Fig. 1. on closing the contacts 41 and 48, current may flow to energize the solenoid 36 from a suitable supply main through wire 56, the thermostatic element 49. as a conductor, contacts 41 and 48, conductor 31, solenoid 36 and by wire 35 to a suitable source of supply.

The element 49 has a heating. coil or other heater '52 adapted to be heated by impulses of current sent over the wires 11 and 19 similarly as described in connection with Fig. 1 for, the parts in that figure bearing the same referencewheel 2i6 ahead in a counter-clockwise direction, thus winding up the chain I 5 on the windlass l4 and operating the chain i as in connection with Fig. 1 to move the doors 2 and 4 respectively to more nearly closed and more nearly open positions, in the regulation of the furnace draft. The rotary movement of the ratchet wheel 2i6, transmitted through the worm 209 and worm wheel 48 will move the nut 44 and thereby move the contact 41 to engage the contact 48. This will energize the solenoid 30 and, as above described, throw the pawl 2 l3 to its other position. Thereafter the continuous oscillation of the bell crank arm 2 l2 will cause the pawl to notch the ratchet wheel ahead in the reverse or clockwise direction, unwinding the chain l from the Windlass l4 and moving the furnace doors in the other direction. The reverse movementof the ratchet wheel 2i6 also, aswill be understood, causes the contact 41 to disengage the contact 48, de-energizing the solenoid 38 and throwing the pawl 2|3 to its position illustrated.

This'cycle of operations repeats as in Fig. 1. The contact 48 of the element 49 may have its position changed in response to the changes of current impulses coming on the wires 11 and 19 as in-connection with Fig. 1.

I am aware that some of the elements of the mechanism shown and described hereinbefore have been employed heretofor, as for example by F. Rieber in hisPatent No. 1,664,265, March 2'7, 1928. In ,that patent as in Fig. 1 herein, a motor is periodically reversed by means of a reciprocatively moving contact controlling the motor circuit, the contact being reciprocated by a nut and screw operated by the motor itself through reduction worm gearing; the supply circuit to the motor being successively periodically reversed by a magnetic switch energized and de-energized by said contact. And furthermore, the mating contact engaged by the said. reciprocating contact is adapted to change its position in response to changes of a' variable factor such as a changing liquid level whereby the zone-of reciprocating movements of. the reciprocating contact is changed.

In the prior art-as exemplified by said patent,

an indication ormeasurement is effected in correzwill be readily recognized.

spondence with the displacement of said zone of reciprocations of the reciprocatory contact. In the instant invention; some of the elements of the patent referred to have been employed and The advance inthe art of the instant application and the departure from the said patent and like prior art is formulated in the appended claims. v I

My invention is not limited to the exact details of the mechanism diagrammatically illustrated nor of the system of electric. connections therefor. Many changes therein and modifica tions thereof may be made within the scope of my inventionwithout departing from the spirit thereof or sacrificing its advantages.

I claim: r

1. In an automatic control system, a source of power, a movable element adapted to be periodically reversably moved thereby, a-movable contact adapted to be reciprocatively moved bythe movable e1ement,'a relatively stationary contact means for shifting the said stationary contact 5 toward or from the movable contact to shift the zone of said movement, said shifting means comprising a thermostatic element movingly associatedwith said stationary contact, and automatic means for variably heating the thermostatic elel0 ment and movable therewith according to variations of a variable quantity controllable by said movable element.

2. In an automatic control system for an apparatus adapted to supply heat at a point of use, a movable element of the heat supplying apparatus adapted to vary the heat output thereof in accordance with its position in a range of movement, the movable element being adapted to be periodically reversably moved within a zone of movement in said range, a source of power for moving the movable element, a movable contact adapted to be reciprocatively moved by the source of power, a relatively stationary contact engageable thereby, electrically operated means .controlled by the contacts and adapted to effect periodic reversals of the movable element and the movable contact within predetermined zones of movement respectively, and shifting means for shifting/the said stationary contact toward or 80 from the movable contact to shift the zone of contact movement, said shifting means comprising a thermostatic element movingly associated with said stationary contact, and automatic means for heating said' thermostatic element and movable therewith variably in response to changes of temperature at the point of use,

3. In an automatic control systemfor an apparatus adapted to supply heat at a point of use, a movable element of the heat supplying apparatusadapted to vary the heat output thereof in accordance with its position in a range of movement and adapted to be periodically reversably moved within a zone of movement with. said range, a movable contact adapted to be reciprocatively moved within a zone of movement, a source of power for reciprocatively moving the said element and said contact, a relatively stationary contact engageable by the movable contact, electrically operated means controlled by the'contacts and adapted to effect periodic reversals of the said element and said contact within said predetermined zones of movement respectively, shifting means for shifting the-said stationary contact toward orfrom the said movable contact to shift the zone of contact movement and the zone of movement of the said element, said shifting means comprising a thermostatic element movingly associated with the stationary contact, and automatic means movable with the thermostatic element for do variably heatingthe thermostatic element in response to variations of temperature at the point of use.. I

4. In an automatic control system for an apparatus adapted to supply heat at a point of'use, 5

a movable element of the heat supplying apparatus adapted to vary-the heat output thereof in accordance with its position in a range of move- -'ment and adapted to be periodically reversably moved within a zone of movement in said range,

a movable contact adapted to be moved over a range of movement and to be reciprocatively moved within a zone in said range, a source of power'for reciprocating the movable element and the movable contact, mechanical connections beu tween the said element and said movable tact whereby they may be reciprocated concurrently by said source, a relatively stationary contact engageable by the movable contact, electrically operated means controlled by the contacts and adapted to efiect periodic reversals of the movable element and the movable contact within predetermined zones of movement thereof respectively, shifting means for shifting the said sta-' tionary contact toward or from the movable contact to shift the zone of contact movement and the zone of movement of the element, said shifting means comprising a thermostatic element movingly associated with said stationary contact, and automatic means movable with the thermostatic element for variably heating the said thermostatic element in response to variations of temperature at the point of use.

5. In an automatic control system, a source of power, a movable element and a movable contact adapted each to move through a range of movement and to be periodically reversably moved in a zone of movement in said range, a source of power for concurrently periodically moving the said element and the said contact,'a relatively stationary contact engageable by the movable contact, electrically operated means controlled by the contacts and adapted to effect the 'saidperiodic reversing movement of the contact and element within their respective zones of movement, shifting means for shifting the-said stationary contact toward or from the movable contact to shift the zones of said movement, said shifting means comprising a thermostatic element movingly associated with the movable contact, and automatic means movable with the thermostatic element for variably heating the thermostatic element in response to variations of a variable quantity co n trollable by said movable element.

6. In an automatic control system, a source of power, a movable element adapted to be periodically reversably moved thereby, a movable contactadapted to be reciprocatively moved by the movable element, a relatively stationary contact engageable thereby, electrically operated means controlled by-the contacts and adapted to effect periodic reversals of the movable element within a predetermined zone of movement, shifting means for shifting the said stationary contact toward or from the movable contact to shift the zone of said movement, said shifting means comprising a thermostatic element movingly associated with said stationary contact, automatic means for variably heating the thermostatic element according to variations of a variable quantity controllable by said movable element, comprising a pair of make-and-break contacts, means for operating the contacts in response to variations of said variable quantity and an electric heating circuit for the first-mentioned thermostatic element controlled by said last-mentioned contacts.

'7. In an automatic control'system for an apparatus adapted to supply heat at a point of use,

a movable element of the heat supplying apparatus adapted to vary the heat output thereof in accordance with its position in a range of movement, the movable element being adapted to be periodically reversably moved within a zone of movement in said range, a source of power for moving the movable element, a movable contact adapted to be reciprocatively moved by the source of power, a relatively stationary contact engageable thereby, electrically operated means controlled by the contacts and adapted to effect con- 4 periodic reversals of the movable element and the movable contact within predetermined zones of movement respectively, shifting means for shifting the said stationary contact toward or from the movable contact to shift the zone of contact movement, said shifting means comprising a thermostatic element movingly associated with said stationary contact, automatic means for heating said thermostatic element variably in response to changes of temperature at the point of use, comprising a second thermostatic element subjected to the changes of temperature at the point of use, a pair of make-and break contacts controlled thereby and an electric heating element for each thermostatic element controlled by the make-and-break contacts.

8. In an automatic control system for an apoperated means controlled by the contacts and adapted to efiect periodic reversals of the said element and said contact within said predetermined zones of movement respectively, shifting means for shifting the said stationary contact toward or from the said movable contact to shift the zone of contact movement andthe zone of movement of the said element, said shifting means comprising a'thermostat'ic element movingly associated with thestationary contact, au- 5 tomatic means for variably heating the thermo static element in response to variations of tem-,- perature at the point of use, comprising a second thermostatic element subjected to the changes or temperature at the point of use, a pair 01' make,

and-break contacts controlled thereby and an electric heating element for each thermostatic element controlled by the make-and-break contacts.

9. In an automatic control system for an apparatus adapted to supply heat at a point of use, a movable element of the heat supplying apparatus adapted to vary the heat output thereof in accordance with its position in a range 01' movement and adapted to be periodically reversably moved within a zone of movement in said range,

a movable contact adapted to be moved over a range of movement and to be reciprocatively moved within a zone in said range, a source of power for reciprocating the movable element and the movable contact, mechanical connections between the said element and said movable contact whereby .they may be reciprocated concurrently by said source, a relatively stationary contact engageable by the movable contact, electrically operated means controlled by the contacts and adapted to effect periodic reversals of the movable element and the movable contact within predetermined zones of movement thereof respectively, shifting means for shifting the said stationary contact toward or from the movable contact to shift the zone of contact movement and the zone of movement of the element, said shifting means comprising a thermostatic element movingly associated with said stationary contact, automatic means for variably heating the said thermostatic element in response tovariations of temperature at the point of use, comprising a second thermostatic element subjected to the changesoi' temperature at the point of use, a pair of make-and-break contacts controlled thereby and an electric heating element tor each thermostatic element controlled by the make-and-break contacts. p

10. In an automatic control system, a source of power, a movable element and a movable contact adapted each to move through a range of movement and to be periodically reversably moved in a zone of movement in said range, a source of power for concurrently periodically moving the said element and the said contact, a relatively stationary contact engageable by the movable contact, electrically operated-means controlled by the contacts and adapted to eflect the said periodic reversing movement of the contact and element within their respective zones of movement, shitting means for shifting the said stationary contact toward or from the movable contact to shift the zones of said movement,-sald shifting means comprising a thermostatic element movingly associated with the movable contact, automatic means for variably heating the thermostatic element in response to variations of a variable quan-e tity controllable by said movable element, comprising a pair of make-and-break contacts, means for operating the contacts in response to variations of said variable quantity, and an electric heating circuit for the first-mentioned thermostatic element controlled by said last-mentioned contacts.

THEODORE J. SMULSKL 

